1.
Higher levels of women`s participation in public life are associated with
lower levels of corruption.
Corruption
is less severe where women comprise a larger share of parliamentary seats,
a study by the IRIS Centre, University of Maryland reveals. This statement
has also been underlined by a World Bank study on "Corruption and women
in government". The study concludes that higher rates of female participation
in government are associated with lower levels of corruption. It is suggested
that women may have higher standards of ethical behaviour and appear to
be more concerned with the common good.
2. Women
in business seem less likely to pay bribes.
A survey
of enterprise owners and managers in Georgia indicates that firms owned
or managed by women pay bribes on approximately 5 % of occasions when coming
into contact with a government agency. The percentage is twice as high
for firms with a male owner or manager (11%).
3. While
women are less involved in corruption themselves, they are even more disadvantaged
from the consequences of a corrupt system.
Gender-Sensitive
Budget Analysis proves that men profit much more from public expenditures
than women. In many countries, the allocation for programmes focusing on
women is only a fraction of the total national budget.
Corruption
decreases national budget resources. It also reduces, for example, the
amount
of public spending on health and social security, which affects women disproportionately.
If there is a cut in public spending, maternal and child health services
are more likely to be the worst-hit victims.
A corrupt
legal system reinforces existing gender discrimination in many countries.
Women`s civil rights are grossly unfair with regard to marriage/divorce,
family law, child custody, financial independence and inheritance and property
rights. Often they have no ability to make decisions without the consent
of a male relative", stresses Roslyn Hees, Senior Advisor with Transparency
International. In many countries, those who win cases tend to be involved
with corrupt prosecutors and judges. Women simply do not have the means
to compete in this way. Corrupt judicial procedures and the prevalence
of "old boys networks" makes it in many cases impossible for women to win
legal battles in a transparent and open way.
Source:
Transparency
International Berlin, March, 2000
We offer
more proof of these findings:
1. Are Women
less Corrupt?
Numerous
behavioral studies have found women to be more trust-worthy and public-spirited
than men. These results suggest that women should be particularly effective
in promoting honest government. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find
that the greater the representation of women in parliament, the lower the
level of corruption. We find this association in a large crosssection of
countries; the result is robust to a wide range of specifications. Read
whole research paper here Are_women_less_corrupt.pdf
(in
English).
2. Women
& Corruption.
Using several
independent data sets, World Bank research team investigated the relationship
between gender and corruption. They came to the conclusion, using micro
data that women are less involved in bribery, and are less likely to condone
bribe taking. Cross-country data show that corruption is less severe where
women hold a larger share of parliamentary seats and senior positions in
the government bureaucracy, and comprise a larger share of the labor force.
Read whole research paper hereSwamy_gender.pdf
(in
English).